This level uses results from Tree level and literature to gain applicable models and data for management and will test management options. Applied results are expected during time of the project.
Long-term Change of Forest Structure
Forest composition change to increase resilience
Czech authorities are now mandating a change of tree species and varieties and forest composition to polycultures. Will these changes give increased storm resilience and/or will they decrease insect herbivore damage as predicted by the Semiochemical Diversity Hypothesis (SDH) (Zhang & Schlyter 2003)?
Landsat data from Sweden indicate less attack on standing spruce in landscapes with a larger fraction of birch stands present (Kärvemo et al. 2014). Using the natural stands and managed stands, which are attacked in Czechia, we could quantify different stand structural types and their resistance and resilience against the bark beetle attack.
NP Bayerischer Wald (D) and NP Šumava (CZ), bark beetle outbreak in spruce and mixed forests.
We will use a model, combined with the field-based data collection, to determine the stand species composition and structure resilient towards disturbance effects in Norway spruce forest landscape. These models will then serve as a predictor of dynamics of susceptibility to disturbance over a forest stand development, spatial distribution of susceptible forests, likelihood of its potential triggers (windstorm events), and contingent processes such as bark-beetle dynamics, dynamics of dead wood mass, and tree regeneration.
We will be able to
- test the SDH hypothesis and further, therefore, provide guidelines for future forest management under climatic change.
- better define disturbance regimes and characterize the range of natural forest variability.
- In particular, we suppose that we will be able to answer important questions concerning forest dynamics and disturbance regimes of the mountain mixed and pure Norway spruce forests in the European temperate zone and provide fundamental answers for forest management.
Highlighted publications:
Korolyova N, Buechling A, Ďuračiová R, Zabihi K, Turčáni M, Svoboda M, Bláha J, Swarts K, Poláček M, Hradecký J, Červenka J, Němčák P, Schlyter F, Jakuš R. 2022. The Last Trees Standing: Climate modulates tree survival factors during a prolonged bark beetle outbreak in Europe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 322: 109025 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109025
Korolyova N, Buechling A, Lieutier F, Yart A, Cudlín P, Turčáni M, Jakuš R. 2022. Primary and secondary host selection by Ips typographus depends on Norway spruce crown characteristics and phenolic-based defenses. Plant Science 321: 111319 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111319
Soukhovolsky V, Kovalev A, Tarasova O, Modlinger R, Křenová Z, Mezei P, Škvarenina J, Rožnovský J, Korolyova N, Majdák A, Jakuš R. 2022. Wind damage and temperature effect on tree mortality caused by Ips typographus L.: Phase transition model. forests 13: 180 10.3390/f13020180
Hlásny T, Zimová S, Merganičová K, Štěpánek P, Modlinger R, Turčáni M. 2021. Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications. Forest Ecology and Management 490: 119075 10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119075
Ďuračiová R, Munko M, Barka I, Koren M, Resnerová K, Holusa J, Blazenec M, Potterf M, Jakus R. 2020. A bark beetle infestation predictive model based on satellite data in the frame of decision support system TANABBO. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 13: 215-223 10.3832/ifor3271-013
Short-term Semiochemical and Sensory Management
Tree protection against beetles by non-host volatiles application
We aim to improve the effect in lowering beetle attacks by “artificial semiochemical diversity” based on the concept of the Semiochemical Diversity Hypothesis (SDH) (Zhang & Schlyter 2003) by direct application of synthetic Non-Host Volatiles (NHV) in dispensers, including “push-pull” with pheromone traps (Schiebe et al. 2011).
A meta-analysis of Ips typographus and Mountain Pine Beetle in large scale field-test and management experiments have shown an effect size of ca 1.0 standard deviation (SD) unit of lower tree attacks in the NHV & verbenone treated areas compared to untreated areas (Raffa et al. 2016).
Anti-attractant on spruce in School Forest Enterprise Kostelec nad Černými Lesy (2021).
Our hypothesis is that new active semiochemicals, from literature and those newly identified here by highly developed analytical techniques at G and T levels, as well as their combinations in newer dispenser types and in new spatial arrangements will increase the protective effect of NHV blends considerably.
- New blend combinations will be tested for efficacy at stand section scale and found superior, together with new components.
- Overall effect size of treatment vs untreated is expected to double in magnitude.
Highlighted publications:
Jakuš R, Modlinger R, Kašpar J, Majdák A, Blaženec M, Korolyova N, Jirošová A, Schlyter F. 2022. Testing the efficiency of the push-and-pull strategy during severe Ips typographus outbreak and extreme drought in Norway spruce stands. forests 13: 2175 10.3390/f13122175
Manipulation of bark to interfere with beetle landing behaviours
We aim to manipulate landing mainly by modulating visual stimuli. Combining the use of two quite different sensory modalities we could expect very strong effects by both visual and chemical non-host stimuli inputs.
We follow the basic designs of earlier authors by simple colour changes of lower tree bole. Depending on paint variety, there might as well be effects of paint cover on bark roughness, increasing slipperiness (Ferrenberg &Mitton 2014). The change to lower bark temperatures due to white paint application is quantified by the competence and instrumentation built up under T-level study.
In a final, more management-oriented experiment; we will test for possible synergistic effects of combining the best chemical NHV stimuli with the best visual deterrent.
Experimental modification of bark texture in VÚ Libavá (2022).
Early warning by reflectance from remote sensing
Most Experimental plots will be used for studying, testing, and parameterization of aerial hyperspectral scanner abilities to detect different types of stress. The daily, monthly and seasonal rhythm of reflectance will be studied. Detection of stress and type of attack (primary and secondary attack) on observational plots. Detection of stress and type of attack (primary and secondary attack) on model areas. Map of the spatial distribution of susceptible and resistant trees will be created and actual spreading of infestations will be analysed. GIS information about terrain and stand conditions will be used.
Planet satellite imagery of the study area – School Forest Enterprise Kostelec nad Černými Lesy.
Highlighted publications:
Zabihi K, Surovy P, Trubin A, Singh VV, Jakuš R. 2021. A review of major factors influencing the accuracy of mapping green-attack stage of bark beetle infestations using satellite imagery: Prospects to avoid data redundancy. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 100638 j.rsase.2021.100638
Trubin A, Kozhoridze G, Zabihi K, Modlinger R, Singh VV, Surový P, Jakuš R. 2023p. Predisposition of Norway spruce to bark beetle attack using Planet Multispectral Imagery Frontiers in Forests and Global Change submitted 2022-12-23
Abdollahnejad A, Panagiotidis D, Surový P, Modlinger R. 2021. Investigating the correlation between multisource remote sensing data for predicting potential spread of Ips typographus L. spots in healthy trees. Remote Sensing 13: 4953 10.3390/rs13234953
Abdollahnejad A, Panagiotidis D, Surový P, Modlinger R. 2021. Investigating the correlation between multisource remote sensing data for predicting potential spread of Ips typographus L. spots in healthy trees. Remote Sensing 13: 4953 10.3390/rs13234953
Surový P, Kuželka K (2019) Acquisition of forest attributes for decision support at the forest enterprise level using remote-sensing techniques—A review. forests 10: 273. doi: 10.3390/f10030273
Real-time detection by thermal emission under different crown and stand geometry
Tree geometry – thermal properties relations - terrestrial laser scanning data (of trees) will be related to thermal properties and compared to results of T1A and L3A. Testing of thermal and tree geometry-related characteristics in relation to bark beetle attacks on observational plots and model areas.
Model of solar radiation – studied forest stand in School Forest Enterprise Kostelec nad Černými Lesy.
Thermal imagery – studied forest stand in School Forest Enterprise Kostelec nad Černými Lesy.
Highlighted publications:
Majdák A, Jakuš R, Blaženec M. 2021. Determination of differences in temperature regimes on healthy and bark-beetle colonised spruce trees using a handheld thermal camera. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry 14: 203 10.3832/ifor3531-014
Kuželka K, Slavík M, Surový P. 2020. Very high density point clouds from UAV laser scanning for automatic tree stem detection and direct diameter measurement. Remote Sensing 12: 1236 10.3390/rs12081236
References
Ferrenberg S, Mitton JB. 2014. Smooth bark surfaces can defend trees against insect attack: resurrecting a ‘slippery’ hypothesis. Functional Ecology 28: 837-845
Kärvemo S, Rogell B, Schroeder M. 2014. Dynamics of spruce bark beetle infestation spots: Importance of local population size and landscape characteristics after a storm disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 334: 232-240
Lynch M, Walsh B 1998 Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Vol. 1. Sinauer Sunderland, MA.
Raffa KF, Andersson MN, Schlyter F. 2016. Host selection by bark beetles: Playing the odds in a high-stakes game. In: Blomquist G, Tittinger C (eds), Advances in Insect Physiology. Vol. 50, Elsevier Ltd., pp 1–74. 10.1016/bs.aiip.2016.02.001
Schiebe C, Blazenec M, Jakus R, Unelius CR, Schlyter F. 2011. Semiochemical diversity diverts bark beetle attacks from Norway spruce edges. Journal of Applied Entomology 135: 726–737
Zhang Q-H, Schlyter F. 2003. Redundancy, synergism, and active inhibitory range of non-host volatiles in reducing pheromone attraction in European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Oikos 101: 299-310